Further reading 3 страница

4.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback).
4.6.1. Answers to questions:
Question No. 1:
The answer is incomplete
True. Whiz!
Question No. 2:
The correct answer
Incomplete answer.
Question No. 3:
Surface response
Detailed answer. True.
Question No. 4:
The answer is correct.
A common response.
Question No. 5:
Incomplete answer.
Detailed answer
Question No. 6:
Incomplete response
Detailed answer. True.
Question No. 7:
Incomplete answer.
Detailed answer. True.
Question No. 8:
The right answer. Well done!
A superficial answer.

Code to the tests
E
E
A
A
D

Case module # 5. The problem of defining the translation, its types and techniques.
5.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames.

5.1.1. The definition of "translation"
The definition of "transfer" is inadequate in the works of various scholars, as this concept is defined differently, depending on what is indicated if the translation as a form of human activity or its result, do you consider it as a type of linguistic mediation or accounted for its purpose. Therefore, the concept of "translation" requires a terminological clarification due to the collision of different views on the essence of the translation. Terminological disorder in the definition of "transfer" is the result of different trends in terminologization the concept of "translation": 1) the study of translation as a process and define it as an activity, as the activities undertaken by the translator, cf.: "Translation is the process of converting speech works in one language into the speech work in another language while maintaining the same content, meaning" [barkhudarov, 1975, 11]; "translation as a process is a specific oral or written activities aimed at recreating existing one language spoken or written text (works) in another language, while preserving the invariance of the content and qualities of the original, and the author authenitcate" [Lilova, 1988, 10]; "Under the transfer means this kind (verbal) of human activity, in which due to the special (special) the processing of the original text that exists in one language, creates a text (or texts), representing (representing) the language (languages) translation [seals, 2004, 10]; 2) translation as a result of the translation industry: "Translation is considered primarily as speech the work and its correlation with the original and due to the nature of the two languages, and with membership of the material to the different genre categories" [Fedorov, 2002, 14]; 3) the translation is purposeful activity. Representatives of teleological direction, take into account the fact that the translation is done with a specific purpose: 1. who the addressee (recipient, text) with the work in its original language; 2. right to transfer the contents of the original in another language, the full present original: "translation can be defined as a way to provide cross-language communication through the creation of a five (translating the language of text to a full replacement of the original" [Commissioners, 1997, 167]; 4) translation as a type of linguistic mediation. The study of translation as intercultural communication helped define the role of the translator as a person, indirectly transmitting the source information in another language, and translation as a process that implements the ability to transmit information through an interpreter to the recipient of the text. And in this case, the linguistic mediation facilitates the exchange of information between speakers of different languages, and the translation is a bilingual communication. The exclusiveness of the translation in this case is that the communicants through translator exchanged communicative equivalent information. C. N. Commissioners, seeing the exclusiveness of translation in ensuring communication and functionally equivalent information gives this definition of translation as a form of linguistic mediation: "Translation is a kind of linguistic mediation, which is entirely focused on the original. Translation is considered as a foreign form of existence of the message contained in the original. In other words, the text of the translation and the original are recognized communicative-equivalent, that is capable of performing the same function (or functions) in different conditions of communication. Therefore, the task of translation is to provide the kind of interlingual communication, in which the generated text in the language of the receptor could act as a full-fledged communicative replacement of the original and to identify the receptors are translated into the functional, structural and substantial relation" [Commissioners, 1990, 42]; 5) translation as a transformation of the characters of one language to another. Representatives of semiotic trends in perevodovedenie define translation as the replacement of signs: "...the translation can be defined as the transformation of signs or representations in other signs or representations. If the originals Express any value, we usually require that their display was expressing the same value or (more realistically)that it is possible expressed the same value. The preservation of invariant values is the Central problem of translation from one language to another [Dettinger, 1960, 104];

It follows that there are two types (subclass) of linguistic mediation: 1) is equivalent to the linguistic mediation or translation, in which the communicative function of the source and target texts are identical to each other and in terms of linguistic mediation is influenced by only natural (i.e. not affecting the communicative function) changes in the communicative situation; 2) heterovalent linguistic mediation or arrangement with the processing content (inhaltsbearbeitende Űbertragung) is the term adopted in the practice of interlingual communication in the GDR), which in the additional, not caused by the nature of linguistic mediation of changes in the secondary communicative situation, the final text performs a different communicative function than the original text, although between these texts found some regular relationship, it is quite understandable from the point of view of conditions of communication [Cadet, 1977, 31-33].
The analysis of the various definitions of translation shows that researchers, considering the translation of different positions, note the specific symptoms that characterize this process. But many of the definitions noted the vagueness, ambiguities in the clarification of the essence of translation. The lack of definitions given in the description of translation as a process or the result, not look at the purpose of the translation, the result of the translation is regarded as a "constant content", the preservation of the qualities of the original, which is the only definition of a good translation quality, but does not reveal its essence. More correctly it is possible to consider that the definition of translation, this Century. N.Komissarov, in which said target-oriented translation, considered its role in language mediation, the focus is on the communicative equivalence of the original and translated text. Definitions of translation, data scientists, also has several disadvantages. Osmosensitivity approach in the case of the definition of translation as a character translation of the source text in the translation, definition of transfer through the presentation to him of requirements, in particular requirements of equivalence does not reveal that the author does not take into account extra-linguistic conditioning of translation activities-Ty, when he talks about the processes and the verbalization of the source and target texts. Meanwhile, the author must consider the rules of the language translation peculiarities of perception of the communicants, the ratio of the two cultures in the translation process, the ratio of the two communicative situations.
In our opinion, a more appropriate definition of translation is to recognize the definition given O. Cadet, which is treated as dwuhfaznosti translation, and the presence of two types of linguistic mediation (equivalent and heterovalent). Thought the Acting Cadet, dwuhfaznosti translation characterizes it as a special process. However, this definition also does not take into account the ratio of two cultures, the need to adapt to the norms of the recipient of the text.
In determining the translation must be expressed in its essence, an indication of what characteristics the translation differs from other types of activities and intercultural communication, it should also be noted in the target exclusiveness, motive, determining the process factors, performance. Therefore, the translation can be defined as purposeful, satisfying the needs of society in bilingual communication reproductive-mediating activity, actualizing during the three stages of translation activities, for which there is a primary (between the source text and receptor-translator) and secondary (between the translator-the sender and receiver of the text communications are characterized by effectiveness (the original text and the text in the target language), the determinacy of extra-linguistic and socio-cultural factors (social history of communicants, situational variables, the postulates of communication, norms, values-based culture principles), a number of functions (communication, representative, accumulative, perceptual (perception and understanding, comprehension), lymph), the implementation of special operations, in addition to the processes of speaking and understanding (perception, understanding, representation, implementation of the installation for the transmission of the communicative effect, the intentions, the impact of the author), modified and creative rethinking, selection of strategies, tactics, choice of techniques of translation and other

5.1.2. The main methods of translation
In the process of translation from one language to another should be aware of the ways of translation. Usually talk about two ways of transfer: transformation, interlineation, pragmatic. Transformational transfer method is the use of transformations in the process of translation of the source text. According to centuries Sdobnikova, O. C. Petrova, "any and all use of translation transformations (lexical, grammatical, stylistic and waiver of the formal-structural correspondences and implementation of the transformation method of translation" [Sdobnikov, Petrova, 2007, 261].
And. And. Rezwin and B. Yu. Rosenzweig interlearning way transfer call transfer according to the preset correspondences, known to the interpreter before the start of translation. In this case, there is a direct transition from the sign S to the signs of the translation language. The latter is the formal-structural correspondence of the sign of S (of the same type or readnotify), which respectively means interlinearly translation. Pragmatic transfer method involves the correlation of situations, postulates of communication, principles of communication in OIA and five. In the framework of the transformation method used such transformation as: specification, generalization, antonymy transfer, compensation, rearrangement, replacement of parts of speech, the replacement of members of the sentence, the syntactic substitution in compound sentence, addition, omission.
Within interlinear conversion method using such techniques as transcription, transliteration, calques and literal translation.
Pragmatic transfer method relates to methods correlated with other methods of transfer, such as explanations in the text (they can be in the form of additions, therefore, relate to the transformational method of transfer), podstroechnye footnotes and comments to individual phenomena in the text there is a way to save interlinearly translation.
Let us characterize briefly the techniques of translation within the framework of the ways of translation. Thus, the transformation method, the implementation of such techniques that transform units of the source language in the translation. HP barkhudarov, developed a typology of translation transformations (permutations, substitutions, additions and omissions), argued that "the translation transformation is the numerous and qualitatively diverse cross-language transformations that are performed to achieve translation equivalence ("adequate translation"), despite the differences in formal and semantic systems of the two languages" [barkhudarov, 1975, 190].
Permutation is changing the sentence structure of the source language in the target language when the components of the sentences of the source language change in translation. In this case, changing the fixed word order, for example, the English sentence may contain a large group of subject with an indefinite article. This group is a Central message in the translation as they are issued at the end of the sentence:
A big wave of actions by all species of fish - large and stall, river and sea, herbivorous and predatory - for places with more food and cleaner water is rising.
Increases the movement of all species of fish, small and large, river and sea, herbivorous prey in places with plenty of food and clean water.
Many persons have helped by discussions and editorial criticism.
In the edition of the book was attended by many employees, who discussed and criticized the text.
The interpreter translates the proposal, retreating from word order and changing its syntactic structure.
Replacement of parts of speech is a technique for replacing missing parts of speech, not matching shapes and structures in the target language. If the original form is not in the target language, or perform other functions, it may be replaced with another or change its character. Replacement trick is used in cases of inadequate standards compatibility, standards usage in different languages, for example, the English sentence Bake the buns till light golden is imperative as a form of representation of the culinary action. In English, the imperative is replaced by the indefinite personal verb form that matches the form of the third person singular + particle-by:
The buns are baked until Golden brown.

5.1.2. The main methods of translation
In the process of translation from one language to another should be aware of the ways of translation. Usually talk about two ways of transfer: transformation, interlineation, pragmatic. Transformational transfer method is the use of transformations in the process of translation of the source text. According to centuries Sdobnikova, O. C. Petrova, "any and all use of translation transformations (lexical, grammatical, stylistic and waiver of the formal-structural correspondences and implementation of the transformation method of translation" [Sdobnikov, Petrova, 2007, 261].
And. And. Rezwin and B. Yu Rosenzweig interlearning way transfer call transfer according to the preset correspondences, known to the interpreter before the start of translation. In this case, there is a direct transition from the sign S to the signs of the translation language. The latter is the formal-structural correspondence of the sign of S (of the same type or readnotify), which respectively means interlinearly translation. Pragmatic transfer method involves the correlation of situations, postulates of communication, principles of communication in OIA and five. In the framework of the transformation method used such transformation as: specification, generalization, antonymy transfer, compensation, rearrangement, replacement of parts of speech, the replacement of members of the sentence, the syntactic substitution in compound sentence, addition, omission.
Within interlinear conversion method using such techniques as transcription, transliteration, calques and literal translation.
Pragmatic transfer method relates to methods correlated with other methods of transfer, such as explanations in the text (they can be in the form of additions, therefore, relate to the transformational method of transfer), podstroechnye footnotes and comments to individual phenomena in the text there is a way to save interlinearly translation.
Let us characterize briefly the techniques of translation within the framework of the ways of translation. Thus, the transformation method, the implementation of such techniques that transform units of the source language in the translation. HP barkhudarov, developed a typology of translation transformations (permutations, substitutions, additions and omissions), argued that "the translation transformation is the numerous and qualitatively diverse cross-language transformations that are performed to achieve translation equivalence ("adequate translation"), despite the differences in formal and semantic systems of the two languages" [barkhudarov, 1975, 190].
Permutation is changing the sentence structure of the source language in the target language when the components of the sentences of the source language change in translation. In this case, changing the fixed word order, for example, the English sentence may contain a large group of subject with an indefinite article. This group is a Central message in the translation as they are issued at the end of the sentence:
A big wave of actions by all species of fish - large and stall, river and sea, herbivorous and predatory - for places with more food and cleaner water is rising.
Increases the movement of all species of fish, small and large, river and sea, herbivorous prey in places with plenty of food and clean water.
Many persons have helped by discussions and editorial criticism.
In the edition of the book was attended by many employees, who discussed and criticized the text.
The interpreter translates the proposal, retreating from word order and changing its syntactic structure.
Replacement of parts of speech is a technique for replacing missing parts of speech, not matching shapes and structures in the target language. If the original form is not in the target language, or perform other functions, it may be replaced with another or change its character. Replacement trick is used in cases of inadequate standards compatibility, standards usage in different languages, for example, the English sentence Bake the buns till light golden is imperative as a form of representation of the culinary action. In English, the imperative is replaced by the indefinite personal verb form that matches the form of the third person singular + particle-by:
The buns are baked until Golden brown.

Antonymy translation is the phrase translation via antonymy within the meaning of the expressions, for example, nobody loves him in the team - team all hate; such a phenomenon is rare - this phenomenon is not common. I think no one will refuse to help - I think everyone will agree and help him.
Effeminacy the original value is the neutralization of the original values by replacing more powerful, emotionally-evaluation of the meaning of the word in a neutral, for example, replacement of invective a source language into a more neutral expression, neutralization of verbal aggression replacement taboo, for example, instead of hell with him, you can say the jester with him or to bring foreign language expression, rather than a rough stinks you can say bad smells, bad smells, lover dear friend, lover, mar friend, cancer - canzer.
Within interlinear translation implemented such techniques as calques, transcription, transliteration, word-for-word translation.
The transcription. Translation transcription is a formal pafonine recreate the original lexical units using phonemes translating language, phonetic imitation of the original words. In the process of transcription of the original word is represented in a form adapted to the phonetic (pronunciation) rules and regularities translating language, for example, Shakespeare - Shakespeare: Russian form of the name should be partially read the rules of English writing sounds (sounds W, K, s, p are direct analogues of the original. Sounds transform them into approximately similar in those cases where, in Russian there is no phonetic counterparts. In this case, the English diphthongs become monotony e, and - according to the initial element of the diphthong). This method of transcription is a practical rule for the transmission of English names into English.
Practical transcription of the record of foreign words by means of national alphabet based on their pronunciation. This transcription is based on the rules of transfer of graphemes or graphic combinations of one language graphemes or graphic combinations of another language. Unlike the transliteration of these rules must consider how graphemes and graphic combinations are pronounced in each case. One of the basic requirements of practical transcription is probably more accurate preservation of the sound pattern of the transmitted word, but along with this practical transcription should keep the morphemic structure of words, graphic features, phonemic oppositions language belongs to the transmitted word, provides ease of assimilation. In the practical transcription of foreign language words that are not being translated may be included in the text.
Transcription will powerhouse proper names, geographical names, names of firms, companies, publishing houses, cars, periodicals, ethnonyms-names of things, folklore characters, terms, for example, Cherokee - Cherokee, Ford Mustang Ford Mustang, New Quarterly Press new Press Quaterly, Western Michigan University, Thanes River - the river Thames, the Haage - the Hague, Bank of London - the Bank of Logan, Ivan the Terrible Ivan the terrible and other
Transliteration is a formal letter-by-letter recreate the original lexical unit with alphabet translating language, letter-by-letter imitation of the form of the original word. This method of translation of a lexical unit of the original by re-establishing its graphical form with the help of letters of the target language. This letter-by-letter sending texts and single words using one of the graphics system by a different graphics system, for example, Lapshin in the English language is passed as Lapshin, French Lapchine, Italian Lapsin, Polish Lapszyn, German - Lapschin.
Calques is a process of translation of the inner form of the word, its structure through the use of the resources calciuma language, resulting in the language of the translation of new words, motivated by the meaning and structure of words.

There are several types cripples semantic, derivational, phraseological. Semantic calques are words and structures formed from the original material on the model of the inner form - motivation and semantic model of another language. In this case, the original word under the influence of another language expands its semantic structure, including in addition the new values arising from the semantic model of the source language. In this case, the word in the target language is used in the expansion is, for example, the Turkic word "hearth" was used only in the values: 1) stone Asan acylating ush ATI shear Temir; 2) stone Asan ASAP Tama psiren, tastan, kresten ALAP jasaan NRSE (Kazakh interpretation dictionary of Kazakh language, 7-s, b.).
T he broad meaning of the word "hearth" in the sense of "home" appeared in English in the second half of the nineteenth century, and the value "Ochag" - "the focus of something" appeared in the mid-twentieth century, cf.: cultural centers, centers of industrialization, the hotbed of rebellion and other Motivation values ocag contributes to the emergence of the semantic structure of a native word "marvelously" additional values formed by semantic replication, for example: "Walden Myung-de almatyy, wasps neg ustulata Madeniet okay THMs" /F. Slonov. Girl Imbat, 369 b./; “Maidan tlaga Sikes, Zhastar nem artyon eryndlyn Council odaini bass Komir okay - categorise Donbass namster Olinda Alanna bar, Aranda NDRs system briny guldara Aranda ush ECE art tsken” /I. Yesenberlin. Mist Maidana, 59 b./; Alrdy Ondiris ocertain klenda asrd she tadani Kala alhamisi” /Asrg Oris Ali, 43 b./.
Morphological calques are those words that reproduce the morphological structure calciumin of words, designs and models which they created with calcerous language. Morphological calques arose as a consequence Parfenova translate words.
In our opinion, the derivative of tracing paper are the result of convergent influence of another language, manifested in the use of structural and semantic models one language to another. In cases of word-formation comes from the Kazakh new words appear in the design of their structural-semantic model of the Russian language. Most words with the Russian language, prefixes-lexical formations, calcerrada in the Kazakh language by words and combinations of words, combinations of root and affix, e.g.: glissandi (unemployment), Altara (manuscript), Baneasa (video), dnage cseres (worldview), it render (revival), TBE top (top), Oh trireme (reasoning), and other
In the complex of Russian adjectives calcerrada in the Kazakh language the first part of the word, the second issued by the affixes-you, -t, -dy, -ly, -l, for example: CP polysty (multi), CP of tragedy (circulation).
The whole expression is passed by morphological parts: the root is passed as the root and affixes Russian language are processed by the affixes of the Kazakh language: principal (principal), suits (architect), mazmundagi (content), Tabarly (trademark), laboranti (laboratory assistant), tapirus (task) and other
Differences in grammatical structures of different languages often prevent accurate transfer of the internal structure of Russian models, therefore, may yield accurate or inaccurate morphological calques. In the exact calques structural arrangement of the components of the model and onion skins and their values are identical, cf.: toasty (refrigerator), morban (autobiography), Orynbasar (Deputy), scenes (applicant), Samaras (cleaner), aynalem (turnover), dabyl (Nabat), caldow (analysis), dildine (argumentation), cesars (opinion), Tim (payment), ran (motto), unchk (decade), HTS (agitator), inviting (the authority), bastami (proem), NSAU (instruction), Akikat (true), DS (method), Chechen (speaker), TPSA (original), taliya (full-blooded), and other

On-page footnotes - receiving explanations, when the word is explained below, in the bottom of the page, note, cf.: "Near the squadron of belongings, bags of flour, different Cooley lazily walks hour and envious looks on the holiday type of comrades" (Including Valikhanov. SOBR.Op. 5 t, so 2, S. 183). (Note - comrade (goal) - comrade); "June 23, at 9 o'clock went from Tezuka. The space between the [rivers] Kargaly and Agregaty called the Kirghiz Chubar" (Including Valikhanov. SOBR.Op. 5 TT, T. 1, S. 352). Below is given an explanation of the word: Chubar (motley grove). "They also said that the Sirt feel special udushlivost in the air that people and animals are a victim of tutuka" (Including Valikhanov. SOBR.Op. 5 TT, so 3, S. 61). Bottom note: So they called this phenomenon.
Comment translation is a technique that accompanies the words at the lexical-semantic transformation. A comment is given in the case, if not known lexical background of the word, the word has a national-cultural component values or absent in the target language, and dictionaries are not given sufficient explanation or not fixed this word, for example, require a translation of the commentary phraseologies-we have a national-cultural specificity: hit as chicken in the soup, to rush headlong, the promised land, turocy on wheels, see?; reality - non-equivalent words, common words, words, the absence of which in the language of the translation leads to "denotation holes", for example, beskonak, Nauryz, soup, shoes, tortilla, mother-in-law, mother-in-law, tutek, hut, hut, carnival and other
Thus, the analysis techniques of translation shows that they should, first, to correlate with specific translation methods; directing and clarifying the choice of techniques of translation; second, the use of certain types of transfer in accordance with the selected method of transfer; thirdly, the translation can be applied in the translation process in an integrated way.

Conclusions

Definition of transfer in the literature is ambiguous. Terminological inconsistency in the definition of this concept is the consequence of the study of translation from different perspectives and with different approaches to the definition of its essence. Meanwhile, the concept of "translation" must take into account its essential features that distinguish it from other activities. Therefore, the translation can be defined as purposeful, satisfying the need of the society in bilingual communication secondary reproductive activity, actualizing during the three stages of translation activity, during which the processes are carried on the primary and secondary communication, comprehension, understanding, and interpretation of the source text within its adaptation to the norms of the recipient, recoding in the secondary language, spawning a secondary text - Predtechensky life of a translator.
Types of translation are classified differently depending on the execution of any function: function of the message, communication (informative translation), the function of the aesthetic - literary translation, the nature of the execution of the translation action (whether oral, written, oral and written, pismenno-verbal and other); the degree of mechanisms. In the process of perception of the source material (written translation, simultaneous interpretation, translation worksheet, consecutive interpretation, paragraph-phrase translation, translation); the degree of contact of the primary and secondary languages in the process of translation activities (literal translation, free translation, simplify the translation, literal translation).
Translation techniques varied. Systematization of their shows that they need to relate with certain ways of translation, in which they receive terminology orderly and systematic, and clarity. The main methods of translation - transformation, interlinearly, pragmatic, consistent with certain techniques for facilitating any translation operations, which are the same type of translation steps. Correlation techniques with translation methods shows that in the framework of the transformational way of implementing such typed translation steps, as:, transliteration, calques, literal translation, and the pragmatic - explanatory notes in the text: podstroechnye footnotes, translation comments.

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