Практическая часть. Phonological and non-phonological features in the system of English consonants (10)

PHONOLOGICAL AND NON-PHONOLOGICAL FEATURES IN THE SYSTEM OF ENGLISH CONSONANTS (10)

In phonology the basic method of establishing the phonemic status of a sound is the method of finding minimal pairs.

The method consists in finding at least one pair of words which are different in respect of that sound: p it – b it.

When two words are identical except for one sound which makes a contrast in the meaning of words, they are said to form a minimal pair.

The minimal pair may be 2 words or 2 gram-l forms of a word: m a n – m e n.

Thus, the function of phonology is to relate the phonetic events of speech to gr-l units

operation at the morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic levels of lang-e.

Sounds are grouped into classes according to the features which are distinctive for the particular language.

In English the following features are distinctive for consonants:

type of obstruction:

occlusive (in the production of which a complete obstruction is formed): [pul];

constructive (an incomplete obstruction is formed): [ful]:

place of articulation:

a) labial: [p], [b], [m], [w];

b) labio-dental (cons-s are articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth): [f], [v];

c) dental (articulated against the upper teeth either with the tip: [θ], [ð] or with the blade of the tongue);

d) alveolar (cons-s are articulated by the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge): [t], [d], [n], [l], [s], [z];

e) palatal: [j];

f) alveolar-velar: [ł]

g) glottal (are produced in the glottis):.

manner of production of noise:

a) plosive oral stop: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g];

b) fricative:

c) affricate: [tò], [dж];

d) approximant.

2) presence or absence of voice:

a) voiced (lenis): [b], [d], [g], [dж], [v], [ð], [z], [ж], [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], [l], [r], [j];

b) voiceless (fortis); they are pronounced with greater muscular tension and a stronger breath force: [p], [t], [k], [tò], [f], [θ], [s], [ò], [h].

3) position of the soft palate and the velum:

a) oral (consonants are produced when the soft palate is raised and the air escapes through the mouth): the rest of the consonants;

b) nasal (consonants are produced with the soft palate lowered while the air-passage through the mouth is blocked.

c) As a result, the air escapes through the nasal cavity): [m], [n], [ŋ].

In each minimal pair the opposition is based either on:

§ one feature (single opposition): [ pit – bit ]: voiceless (fortis) vs. voiced (lenis);

§ two features (double opposition): [ til – bil ]: voiceless (fortis) vs. voiced (lenis) and alveolar vs. labial;

§ more than two features (multiple): [ fil – bil ]: voiceless (fortis) vs. voiced (lenis), labio-dental vs. labial, fricative vs. oral stop (plosive).

[f] – [g]: lea f – lea g ue

multiple opposition: 1) voiceless vs. voiced

2) fricative vs. plosive

3) labio-dental vs. velar

[m] – [b]: ri m – ri b

single opposition: nasal vs. oral (plosive)

[z] – [t]: z est – t est

double opposition 1) voiced vs. voiceless

2) fricative vs. plosive

[s] – [θ]: s ick – th ick

single opposition 1) alveolar – dental

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Дата добавления: 2015-05-31